
How often do you put aside your opposing views and opinions in a meeting because you don’t want to disturb the harmony of the group? Or do you say to yourself, “Am I the only one who thinks this way?”
The phenomenon where the desire for agreement outweighs a critical assessment of the facts is called groupthink. The theory of “groupthink” was developed in the 1970s by the American psychologist Irving Janis. But how do you recognize groupthink?
“Groupthink is a thinking style in which the tendency to reach quick agreement impairs the members’ ability to give alternative options a fair chance.”
– Psychologist Irving Janis
Groupthink arises primarily from an excessive use of hierarchy, an instinctive urge to avoid dissenting opinions, and a desire to maintain harmony.
The risk is that in the decision-making process there is no room for alternative views, criticism or facts. The group convinces itself of a common direction, regardless of the facts. “Are we all in agreement here?” Here are the 8 symptoms:
#1 Illusion of invincibility
The group’s members ignore clear dangers, take extreme risks, and are overly optimistic. “That will never happen to us; we are much better prepared than they were.”
#2 Collective rationalization
Valid objections from group members are rationalized away or downplayed. The group’s shared belief outweighs individual objections.
#3 Illusion of morality
The members of the group believe that their decisions are morally correct and they ignore the ethical consequences of their decisions. “Let’s make the hard decision now; it will be better later.”
#4 Excessive use of stereotypes
The group builds negative stereotypes about external rivals, such as external experts. “It’s too complicated for them.” “They don’t know our industry as well as we do.”
#5 Pressed for agreement
The members of the group exert pressure on anyone in the group who goes against the direction of the group. For example, by presenting arguments against the group’s ideas, illusions or commitments.
#6 Self-censorship
The group’s members hold back diverse views and counterarguments. “Don’t do it, they don’t want to hear it.”
#7 Illusion of unanimity
Some of the group members mistakenly believe that everyone agrees with the group’s decision. Silence is perceived as agreement. “Everybody’s in on this!” “He who is silent consents.”
#8 Resistance to change
Some members assume the role of protectors of the group by withholding or censoring unfavorable information that may threaten the sense of group safety and unity. “You’re just making it more complicated that way; you’re causing delays.”
Source: The book “Groupthink” by author Irving Janis, Wikipedia.
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